Liwa Jund al-Haramain
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Liwa Jund al-Haramain | ||||||||||
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Liwa Jund al-Haramain was a Free Syrian Army unit originally based in Manbij, Aleppo. It was formed in mid-2012 during the successful rebel capture of the city from the Assad government. Originally part of Liwa al-Tawhid, it joined several other groups throughout its existence, including Ahrar ash-Sham in early 2013, the 19th Division in mid-2013, and the Army of Mujahideen in early 2014. The group was considered one of the more corrupt brigades in Manbij, especially during its time in the 19th Division (which itself had a reputation for corruption). This brought it into occasional conflict with other groups. Liwa Jund al-Haramain was expelled from Manbij alongside all other rebel groups by the Islamic State in mid-2014. Hoping for revenge, the brigade looked around for a stronger organization capable of pushing IS back. By 2015, the joint FSA-YPG operations room, Euphrates Volcano, seemed to be the most effective anti-IS force, and Liwa Jund al-Haramain joined Euphrates Volcano in April of that year. It soon became part of the Euphrates Brigades within EV and eventually took part in the recapture of Manbij. The EV leadership, aware of Liwa Jund al-Haramain's less-than-spotless record, kept a close eye on the brigade. Keen to avoid another expulsion from his hometown, the group's leader (nom-de-guerre Othman Othman) became a businessman, and by the end of the war the brigade numbered no more than a few dozen men helping to guard Manbij in case of attack.